Science is both a body of knowledge and a process.
In school, science may at times seem like an endless stream of facts, but that is only part of the story. Most importantly, science is also a process of discovery that allows us to link unique facts to a coherent understanding of the natural world.
Science is a way of finding out what the universe is and how it works today, how it worked in the past, and how it might work in the future.
The information that science produces is powerful and reliable. It can be used to develop new technologies, treat disease, and deal with many other types of problems.
Science continues to refine and expand our knowledge of the universe, and as it does, it leads to new questions of future research. Science will not be “eliminated.”
People all over the world are participating in the science program.
Branches of Science, is a systematic study of the nature and methods of matter and the natural environment established by the measurement, exploration, observation, and formulation of laws. There are four major stages of science; Each branch is divided into a different type of subject covering a wide range of subject areas such as chemistry, physics, mathematics, astronomy, etc. The four main branches of science are Mathematics and logic, biology, physiology, and social sciences.
There are three main branches of science:
- Physical Science
- Earth science
- Life Science
Let’s talk about each branch and the areas of study within each branch.
Physical Science is the study of inanimate objects and the laws that govern them. It includes physics, chemistry, and astronomy. In physics, we try to divide the universe into a set of basic, mathematical laws that define the smallest and largest objects in the universe. In chemistry, we study the structure, composition, changes, and properties of an object: we focus on the scale of chemical bonds and reactions. And it is the study of astronomy, the study of celestial bodies, including the origin of our planet.
Two Types of Physical Sciences:
- Physics: The study of matter and energy and the interactions between them. Physicists study such subjects as gravity, light, and time. Albert Einstein, a famous physicist, developed the Theory of Relativity.
- Chemistry: The science that deals with the composition, properties, reactions, and the structure of matter. The chemist Louis Pasteur, for example, discovered pasteurization, which is the process of heating liquids such as milk and orange juice to kill harmful germs.
Earth Science is the study of the Earth and the parts of nature that make up it: the formation of the universe, the oceans, the earth, and the way in which those things are put together. It covers geology, oceanography, meteorology, and paleontology. Paleontology, the study of prehistoric and geological sciences, has somewhat conflicted with the science of health. And some parts of the Earth’s science have much in common with the natural sciences.
- Geology: The science of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth, and the physical, chemical, and biological changes that it has experienced or is experiencing.
- Oceanography: The exploration and study of the ocean.
- Paleontology: The science of the forms of life that existed in prehistoric or geologic periods.
- Meteorology: The science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena, such as weather and climate.
Life Science is a biology science study. A wide-ranging natural science but with a few cohesive themes that combine it as a single, integrated field. For example, all living things are made up of cells that process genetic information, which can be passed on to future generations.
- Botany: The study of plants.
- Zoology: The science that covers animals and animal life.
- Genetics: The study of heredity.
- Medicine: The science of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness, disease, and injury.
150 Main Branches of Science
Following is a list of most common 150 branches of science:
- Photometry
Photometry gathers light within a range of wavelengths to determine the luminosity of astronomical objects.
- Cardiology
Study of heart.
- Cosmology
Cosmology studies how the universe was created, evolves and its ultimate fate.
- Craniology
Study of skulls.
- Cryptography
Study of secret writing.
- Cryogenics
Study concerning with the application and uses of very low temperature.
- Cytology
Study of cells.
- Dermatology
Study of skin.
- Ecology
The study of relationship between organisms and environment.
- Entomology
Study of insects.
- Etiology
Study of cause of insects.
- Eugenics
Study of improvement of human race by applying laws of heredity. it is related with future generations.
- Evolution
Deals with the study of origin of new from old.
- Exobiology
Deals with life or possibilities of life beyond the earth.
- Floriculture
Study of flower yielding plants.
- Geology
Study of condition and structure of the earth
- Genetics
Study of heredity and variations.
- Gerontology
Study of growing old.
- Gynecology
Study of female reproductive organs.
- Horticulture
Study of garden cultivation.
- Hematology
Study of blood.
- Hepatology
Study of liver.
- Iconography
Teachings by pictures and models.
- Immunology
Science which deals with the study of resistance of organisms against infection.
- Jurisprudence
Science of law.
- Kalology
Study of human beauty.
- Lexicography
Compiling of dictionary.
- Mycology
Study of fungi.
- Myology
Study of muscles.
- Nephrology
Study of kidneys.
- Neurology
Study of nervous system.
- Numismatics
Study of coins and medals.
- Obstetrics
Branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy.
- Oneirological
Study of dreams.
- Ophthalmology
Study of eyes .
- Omithology
Study of birds.
- Osteology
Study of bones.
- Paleontology
Study of fossils.
- Philately
Stamp collecting.
- Philology
Study of languages.
- Phonetics
Concerning the sounds of a language.
- Physio graph
Natural phenomenon.
- Pedology
Study of soils.
- Pathology
Study of disease causing organisms.
- Phycology
Study of algae.
- Physiology
Science dealing with the study of functions of various parts of organisms.
- Pisciculture
Study of fish.
- Pomology
Study of fruits.
- Seismology
Study of earthquakes.
- Sericulture
Silk industry(culture of silk moth and pupa).
- Serpent ology
Study of snakes.
- Telepathy
Communication between two minds at a distance with the help of emotions, thoughts and feelings.
- Taxonomy
Study of classification of organisms.
- Virology
Study of virus.
- Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy applies the principles of light to understand matter.
- Heli physics
Heli physics studies how the sun’s radiation affects its surroundings in space including “space weather”.
- Helioseismology
Helioseismology examines the interior structure, composition and dynamics of our sun by observing waves from its surface.
- Astroseismology
Astroseismology observes oscillations from stars to investigate their internal structure and composition
- Astrometry
Like the geography of outer space, astrometry is concerned with how celestial bodies are positioned and move in space.
- Planetology
How planets form in the solar systems including their composition and dynamics in history.
- Exoplanet ology
How many and where planets exist outside our solar system.
- Astrogeology
How geology relates to celestial bodies like moons, asteroids, meteorites and comets.
- Are ology
How geology is composed on Mars.
- Selenography
How physical features on the moon formed.
- Exogeology
How geology relates to celestial bodies like moons, asteroids, meteorites and comets.
- Astrobiology
How life (including extraterrestrials) in the universe evolved, originated and what will be its fate
- Exobiology
How likely and where is life in space.
- Astro chemistry
How to study substances in celestial bodies, stars and interstellar space.
- Stratigraphy
How layering of rocks and strata are analyzed to measure geologic time.
- Paleontology
How organisms evolve and their interactions in their environment by studying fossil records often found in rocks.
- Micropaleontology
How microfossils are characterized. Paleo is short for “paleolithic” which often refers to the geologic past.
- Paleomagnetism
How to reconstruct previous magnetic fields in rocks including the direction and intensity to explore pole reversals in different time periods (past and future).
- Geomorphology
How landforms, physical features and geological structures on Earth were created and evolved.
- Paleo seismology
How geologic sediments and rocks are used to infer past earthquakes.
- Magnetostratigraphic
How sedimentary and volcanic sequences are dated by geophysically correlating samples of strata deposited with the Earth’s magnetic field polarity. In a nutshell, this is the field of study that studies magnetic fields in rocks and past pole reversals.
- Geochronology
How old rocks and geological events are dated using signatures inherent in rocks.
- Tectonics
How Earth’s crust evolves through time contributing to mountain building, old core continents (cratons) and earthquakes/volcanoes.
- Volcanology
How and where volcanoes and related phenomena (lava, magma) erupt and form (past and present).
- Seismology
How seismic waves travel through and around the Earth from earthquakes.
- Neotectonics
How Earth’s crust deforms and has moved in recent and current time.
- Tectonophysics
How Earth’s crust and mantle deforms specific to its physical processes. Moreover, the field of tectonophysics targets the physical process that act on the behavior of waves.
- Seism tectonics
How earthquakes, active tectonics and individual faults are related to seismic activity.
- Petrology
How types of rocks (igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary petrology) form in their specific environment.
- Mineralogy
How chemical and crystalline structures in minerals are composed.
- Gemology
How natural and artificial gems are identified and evaluated.
- Crystallography
How atoms are arranged and bonded in crystalline solids.
- Soil Sciences
How soils relate as a natural resource including their formation factors, classification, physical, chemical and fertility properties. Engineering fields consider soils as regolith. But for agriculture production, soils are considered a natural resource.
- Pedology
How soils are classified based on their biological, physical and chemical properties.
- Edaphology
How soils influence plant growth and living things.
- Agronomy
How the field of agriculture involves science such as crop production, biotechnology and soil science.
- Hydrogeology
How groundwater is transported and is distributed in the soil, rock and Earth’s crust.
- Pomology
How fruits and nuts grow and are cultivated. Pomology is loosely tied to horticulture, agronomy and agrology with a focus on producing successful crops.
- Sedimentology
How sand, silt and clay are deposited and the processes that act on it.
- Surficial Geology
How surface sediment (till, gravel, sand, clay, etc) overlying bedrock was formed such as during glacial retreat or in lakes associated in these periods.
- Glaciology
How ice and glacial deposits have reconstructed landforms as well as how existing (polar) glaciers behave and are distributed.
- Geophysics
How physical processes and properties relate to Earth and its surrounding space. Geophysicists conduct surveys to explore what’s happening beneath our feet.
- Bedrock Geology
How the intact, solid rock beneath surficial sediments formed including age (stratigraphic sequences), morphology and rock properties (folds, faults, fractures).
- Orography
How topographic relief in mountains is distributed in nature. The main focus is orography which studies topographic relief and how mountains are distributed.
- Topography
How physical features (natural and artificial) are arranged on the landscape. We use topography in climate models, air and water flow, land formations and to better understand past tectonic activity.
- Hypsometry
How the height and depth of physical features are measured land from mean sea level. Hypsometry maps the terrain and processes that act on it.
- Zoo pathology
How disease spread, interacts, and is prevented with animals.
- Phytopathology
How disease spread and are managed for plants.
- Epidemiology
How disease and determinants of health are transferred and distributed in populations. At a large scale, epidemiologists model disease outbreaks with the goal to prevent their spread.
- Mycology
How fungi are studied including chemical, physical, and taxonomical properties.
- Toxicology
How living organisms are affected, treated, and diagnosed with poisonous substances. Often, toxicology deals with how individual organisms are affected, treated, and diagnosed by poisonous substances.
- Evolution Biology
How living things change over time and how life originated.
- Paleo biology
How prehistoric life and fossils were composed specifically to a geologic time scale.
- Paleoecology
How organisms interact in environments over a geologic time scale.
- Paleozoology
How multicellular animal fossils are used to reconstruct prehistoric environments.
- Zoo archaeology
How animal remains are used to explore interactions between people, animals and environment.
- Primatology
How primate behavior evolved often linking human and primate characteristics.
- Paleo botany
How plant fossils can reconstruct past environments in geologic time.
- Dendroecology
How tree rings are used to investigate forest development, disturbance areas, and environmental change.
- Anthropology
How humans and societies behave from past, present and future.
- Paleontology
How plant and animal fossils are used to investigate the origin of species.
- Ecology
How organisms relate to each other in their physical environment including distribution and population dynamics.
- Synecology
How specific groups of animal and plant species relate within a community.
- Zoology
How animals evolve, are classified, interact, and are distributed.
- Entomology
How insects are classified and categorized.
- Mamma logy
How mammals are characterized including anatomy, taxonomy, and natural history.
- Ornithology
How bird species are distributed, behave, and described with a focus on conservation.
- Phenology
How seasons and cyclical climate patterns influence plant and animal species.
- Biogeography
How ecosystems are distributed in geographic space.
- Zoogeography
How animals are distributed in geographic space.
- Botany
How plants are classified, grow, and are managed in nature. Botany is synonymous with plant science or phytology.
- Forestry
How trees are managed, planted, conserved, and cut down.
- Dendrology
How woody plants and tree species are identified.
- Phytogeography
How plants are distributed in geographic space.
- Arboriculture
How individual trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants are cultivated, grow and respond to cultural practices in an environment
- Agrobiology
How crop production can be improved through plant nutrition.
- Climatology
How climate (long-term weather patterns) has varied in the past and how climate change will affect the future.
- Atmospheric Chemistry
How atmosphere chemistry and physics relate to weather and climate patterns.
- Topo climatology
How topographic relief influences the local climate in the lower air layer.
- Barometry
How atmospheric pressure is measured and relates to weather and climate.
- Paleoclimatology
How prehistoric climates have changed on a geologic time scale.
- Paleotempestology
How tropical cyclones have changed on a geologic time scale.
- Aeronomy
How chemical and physical properties are composed in the upper region of Earth and planets.
- Radiometry
How electromagnetic radiation in the atmosphere is observed and measured.
- Aerodynamics
How air circulates in the atmosphere.
- Hydrometeorology
How water and energy are transferred between the land surface and atmosphere (hydrologic cycle).
- Geomagnetism
How Earth’s magnetic field changes at different time scales including pole reversals.
- Geophysics
How physical processes and properties relate to Earth and its surrounding space.
- Bioclimatology
How long-term climate patterns interact and affect living things.
- Geobiology
How the biosphere relates to the lithosphere and atmosphere.
- Biometeorology
How atmospheric conditions and short-term weather patterns impact living things. For example, it may examine photosynthesis in plants or evapotranspiration rates in different seasons.
- Limnology
How biological, chemical and physical properties of lakes and ponds relate (often) to their terrestrial surroundings.
- Ocean Chemistry
How chemical properties of oceans interact including marine ecosystems, ocean currents, and fluid dynamics.
- Hydrology
How water travels in relation to land.
- Bathymetry
How deep oceans, seas, and lakes are relative to mean sea level. If you want to understand ocean depth, you’d perform a bathymetric survey with sonar instruments.
- Marine Physics
How ocean currents circulate including water column structure and fluid dynamics.
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